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Title: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Description: Notes on Respiratory system for intermediate students and NEET aspirants
Description: Notes on Respiratory system for intermediate students and NEET aspirants
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INTERMEDIATE BIOLOGY
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
-Respiration is the oxidation of nutrients in the living cells to release energy for biological work
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RESPIRATORY ORGANS
• General body surface:
E
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lower invertebrates (sponges,coelenterates, flatworms etc)
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g
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• Tracheal tubes:
E
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insects, centipede, millipede, spider
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g
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• Lungs (Pulmonary respiration):
E
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most vertebrates
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1
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- Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to many very thin and vascularised alveoli (in lungs)
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- During swallowing, epiglottis (a thin elastic cartilaginous flap) closes glottis to prevent entry of
food into larynx
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2
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- Right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2 lobes
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- The pleural fluid present in between these 2 layers lubricates the surface of the lungs and
prevents friction between the membranes
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- Alveoli and their ducts form the respiratory or exchange part of the respiratory system
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STEPS OF RESPIRATION
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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A) INSPIRATION
- Active intake of air from atmosphere into lungs
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- Contraction of external intercostal muscles (muscles found between ribs) lifts up the ribs and
sternum causing
an increase in thoracic volume in the dorso-ventral axis
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-So,lungs expand
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-So, air moves into lungs
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- During this, intercostal muscles & diaphragm relax causing a decrease in thoracic volume and
there bypulmonary volume
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- During forceful expiration, abdominal muscles and internal inter-costal muscles contract
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i
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, 60008000 ml per minute
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-It is 2500-3000 ml
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• RESIDUAL VOLUME(RV)
-Volume of air remaining in lungs
after a forcible expiration
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INSPIRATORY CAPACITY (IC)
-Total volume of air inspired
after a normal expiration (TV + IRV)
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• EXPIRATORY CAPACITY(EC)
-Total volume of air expired
after a normal inspiration (TV + ERV)
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• FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY (FRC):
-Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration (ERV +RV)
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• VITAL CAPACITY (VC)
-Volume of air that can breathe in
after a forced expiration or Volume of air that can breathe out after a forced inspiration (ERV +
TV + IRV)
...
• TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC)
- Total volume of air in the
lungs after a maximu
Title: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Description: Notes on Respiratory system for intermediate students and NEET aspirants
Description: Notes on Respiratory system for intermediate students and NEET aspirants