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Tess, Nicola, Georgia & Tash
Suburbanisation in Los Angeles
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Los Angeles is located in California, USA
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It has an area of 469 square miles and is located in Southern
California
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LA’s early growth this century was linked to prosperity in the oil and movie industries, its
population grew by 130% between 1920 and 1930
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Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a
diverse residential neighbourhood of some 30,000 people
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Reasons for growth:-
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The development of the film industry in Hollywood - a suburb of LA - In the 1920's and 30's
created a glamorous image for the city
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The arrival of the railway in 1876 stimulated rapid growth, with half a million people arriving
within 40 years
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People with greater affluence had more choice about where to live
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Cold winters of the east
coast cities (e
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New York) combined with a romantic ‘flower power’ image from the late

Tess, Nicola, Georgia & Tash

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1960s to make California a destination of choice
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Early 20th century the discovery of oil allowed the opening of car plants such as Ford other
manufacturing industries created continued growth
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As manufacturing
companies increasingly sought cheaper labour and resources abroad, the region previously
known as the heartland of American industry was transformed into America's Rust Belt
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6% of its population, most of whom migrated to the Sun Belt, hence this
rapid growth in LA after World War 2
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Explanation of the suburbanisation (PUSH & PULL):-
PUSH:
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CONGESTION - LA is ranked no
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POLLUTION - LA has the most contaminated air in the USA due to excess vehicle emissions
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Frequent sunny days and low rainfall contribute to ozone formation, as well as high
levels of fine particles and dust
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NOT ENOUGH GREENFIELD SITES -Businesses require more space to develop and there
aren't enough areas of undeveloped land in LA inner city
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PULL:
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FACILITES - Large shopping centres have attracted large amount tourists
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TRANSPORT – The suburbs are now a lot more accessible, with new train services
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Fuel is 50% cheaper than in the UK
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HOUSING - families have been attracted to Los Angeles Suburbs, because of the availability
of low-density family housing
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People are moving out of the
centre of LA in search of pleasant
environs, good schools and clean,
safe streets
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4%
increase since 1990
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The city is known for its picturesque tree-lined neighbourhoods, receiving
recognition from the National Arbour Day Foundation
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It has a very large number of large houses with usually
around ¾ bedrooms with on suites and drives
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Furthermore here, the
predominant age group is 35-44 at 13
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9% of the population
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These facilities provide a sense of community for the people and
consequently an organisation has been set up like neighbourhood watch and as a result was
named the safest city in America
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• It is a planned city, mainly developed by the
Irvine Company since the 1960s
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com as the fourth
best place to live in the United States
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San Diego Creek, which flows northeast into Upper Newport Bay, is the primary
watercourse draining the city
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Most of Irvine is in
a broad, flat valley between Loma Ridge in the north and San Joaquin Hills in the south
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While Irvine is typical of Orange County in that it is definitely a car town, the city was also
rated a bike friendly city for its extensive bikeways infrastructure and other programs to
support and encourage bicycle commuting
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Irvine has 18 community parks, 37 small neighbourhood parks and some 5,200-acres of open
preservation area
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There are also approximately 44-miles of on- and off-road bikeways
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The city is the
36th-largest city in the United
States and the seventh-largest in
California
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In addition, Long Beach is the
second largest city within Greater Los Angeles Area, after Los Angeles, and a principal city of
the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan area
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The Port of Long Beach is the United
States' second busiest container port and one of the world's largest shipping ports
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Manufacturing sectors include those in aircraft, car parts, electronic and audio-visual
equipment, and home furnishings
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However, the names and
boundaries of neighbourhoods themselves are not officially recognized by the City, with
limited exceptions for statutory purposes (the City does, however, recognize neighbourhood
advocacy groups representing some of these neighbourhoods or portions thereof)
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Most of
the city is in close proximity to the twin ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, and the
prevailing westerly-to-west-south-westerly winds bring a large portion of the twin ports' air
pollution directly into Long Beach before dispersing it northward then eastward
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Ø Long-term average levels of toxic air pollutants can be two to three times higher in
and around Long Beach, and in downwind areas to the east, than in other parts of
the Los Angeles metropolitan area, such as the Westside, San Fernando Valley, or
San Gabriel Valley
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A handful of the native plants of the region can still be found in
the city
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Some stands of coast live oak still remain in the El Dorado Nature Centre
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Some indigenous species of birds, mammals, and other wildlife have
adapted to development
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§ Farming in these fringe regions is affected, as land prices spiral and farmers
are encouraged to sell to developers
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Orange Country lost up to a third of its agricultural land
due to the intensification of settlement
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Land use in LA: - Land use patterns in LA have developed like a patchwork – not like the land
use models of Burgess and Hoyt
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§ Migrants and those of different ethnic groups often live in ethnic enclaves
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§ Ethnic enclaves: - part of a city in which the population is mainly from one
ethnic group, often with its own religious beliefs and places of worship,
together with shops and community centres
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§ Children whose parents commute to work for 2 + hours a day are left on
their own for hours, coming home to an empty house and just watching TV
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§ A lot of communities now only exist as night time dormitory settlements
meaning businesses will not develop here as there are no customers around
during the day
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§ Car, tyre, steel and aircraft factories closed due to competition from
overseas and changing technology
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§ Modern high – tech electronics, aerospace and light- manufacturing
industries wanted larger sites with car parks
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§ As a result, Businesses and people moved out of central areas leading to
decline – and dereliction and concentrations of poorer people in segregated
areas
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As a result of the Donut Effect, Edge Cities such as Anaheim, Irvine and Ontario developed
along the freeways with concentrations of new industries next to office developments, giant
shopping centres and leisure zones
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Management of Suburbanisation:-
Housing & Services:
-Inner City Housing and Redevelopments are currently taking place in La, in order to counter act the
issues associated with the ‘donut city’ including a lack of ‘city centre’ functions/services
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-New building methods have meant that in downtown LA tall office blocks/skyscrapers can now be
built safely; this is aiding the expansion of the city as a financial and commercial centre, within 30
years downtown LA has developed into a financial and commercial centre rather than just a set of
freeway intersections
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Segregation:
-A third of households were below the poverty level in 1990, a result of poor housing conditions, low
wages, lack of public services, and ultimately has caused an escalation in crime rates
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Surrounding these areas ethnic groups often set
up food stores and retail stores/outlets, this further reduces the issues associated with the ‘donut
city,’ increasing public services and commercial premises
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Pollution & health:
-Pollution and smog problems became serious in LA by 1977 and were having serous impacts on
health in the area, this is managed in LA by The Clean Air Act who set up the South Coast Air Quality
Management District in order to target management within the industrial area of the city where
these problems are particularly bad, with 1,130 tons of noxious gas being released daily
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Businesses with over 50 employees must organize car-pooling programs,
they are also encouraged with set targets annual to reduce emissions and gain credit for this
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Summary:
These various management schemes can be summarized by another organisations’ work, PLAN- the
Progressive Los Angeles Network
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Promote clean fuel vehicles and green energy
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Improve bus and public transport to reduce pollution problems associated with commuting,
introducing ‘clean’ buses and new rapid bus lines as well as improving transition from bus to
train lines using a universal ‘low fare’ card making public transport accessible to all
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