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Title: Treaty of Versailles Analysis
Description: Comparative analysis between the viewpoints of economist John Maynard Keynes and Paul Birdsall on the Treaty of Versailles document. Formal report for a Grade 10 Pre-IB history class. Received highest mark possible.
Description: Comparative analysis between the viewpoints of economist John Maynard Keynes and Paul Birdsall on the Treaty of Versailles document. Formal report for a Grade 10 Pre-IB history class. Received highest mark possible.
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Jonathan Lin
CHC2DE 01
S
...
14th, 2015
Argument Analysis and Evaluation Summary
Origin:
The Peace of Versailles,
written by John Maynard Keynes, was published in September 1920 by
Everybody’s Magazine (pp
...
John Maynard Keynes, or 1st Baron Keynes, was an English economist whose
ideas changed the fundamental practice of modern macroeconomics
...
Liberalism, or free
society, influenced Keynes to endorse broader cultural values including tolerance and rationality, and focus on the
party’s economics policy with the aid of the leader of the Liberals, David Lloyd George
...
Among Keynes’ other responsibilities was the
acquisition of scarce currencies
...
According to
economist Robert Lekachman, Keynes' "nerve and mastery became legendary"
...
In the 1917 King’s Birthday Honours, Keynes was appointed as the Companion of the Order of the Bath
for his assistance during the war
...
The former appointment allowed
Keynes to accompany the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference; Keynes later resigned his post in June
1919
...
Keynes was a notable historian who founded Keynesian economics, which
demonstrates a credible basis for his arguments regarding Germany’s economic instability and indemnity demands
...
It was among President Woodrow
Wilson’s propositions in his idealistic Fourteen Points, which was presented to Congress in 1919 for an equitable
peace in Europe
...
Purpose:
● The explicit purpose of
The Peace of Versailles
was to
critique
the Treaty of Versailles as a “Carthaginian
Peace”; the settlement terms imposed a brutal reparations figure to Germany that was counterproductive
and exorbitant
...
He wanted to
change the Treaty of Versailles by convincing Western European democracies that the Treaty of Versailles
not only exploited Germany but also holistically affected European trade and economy due to the
limitations on imports and exports
...
Content:
1
...
The terms of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919 imposed harsh and
1
draconian measures which focused on crippling Germany; this was the direct antithesis of what Woodrow Wilson
intended in his idealistic Fourteen Points plan
...
Identify
the Evidence
that supports the arguments
Germany
conceded
:
● Germany “laid down [their] arms at the time of the armistice” and therefore did not intend for further
militarism with the Allied Powers due to starvation, disease (Spanish Flu Epidemic), demoralization, and
severe casualties
...
Germany was not the sole contributor to the
cause
and exacerbation
of the war:
● Keynes claims that “it is not possible to lay the entire responsibility for the state of affairs out of which the
war arose on any single nation” and that it was the consequence of “international politics and rivalries” that
had already existed during the late 19th century
...
Further, Germany envisioned a plan for a blackandwhite
victory or defeat (“mastery or defeat”), and would expend all of their military, economical, and political power in
order to either achieve total domination of Europe or be defeated by the Allied powers
...
Recent evidence regarding the period preceding August of 1914 suggests that German authority had “deliberately
provoked the war” and instigated conflict on an international stage (European powers, but global involvement)
...
However, the terms of the treaty must also
consider the deterrence of future warfare, and the idea that the “late rulers of Germany” and the “common people
and unborn posterity” would suffer from the unrighteous actions of their predecessors
...
The Treaty does not take into account the “economic solidarity” of Europe, which has been the historical basis for
European trade
...
If the Allied powers lessened the economic sanctions on the German government and gave concessions to Germany
(“indulgences”), she would have been more economically apt to pay for the indemnities
...
among the Allies themselves on a basis of need and general equity”, Germany
would not be in an economic pitfall as a result of her “direct damages to civilian life and property”
...
The Treaty is also criticized because it does not specify a definite sum for Germany, which provides inconveniences
for both Germany and the Allies
...
The
Treaty is considered a dead treaty; the treaty bears no authority after an entire year since its existence and does not
provide a settlement for Europe
...
Evaluate the arguments
...
I agree with Keynes’ view that Germany suffered a Carthaginian Peace, and that the punitive terms of the treaty
should be lenient in spite of Germany’s actions
...
However, I would attribute the
exacerbation of war to Wilhelmian Germany’s policies of expansionism, aggression, and militarism
...
First and foremost, Germany acknowledged the outcome of the war and intentionally prevented further militarism
with the Allied powers by “[laying] down [their] arms at the time of the armistice”, and thereby reducing
unnecessary casualties due to starvation, disease, and combat
...
For example, many historians
agree that the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist militant Gavrilo Princip on June
28th
, 1914 was directly linked to the AustroHungarian declaration of war on Serbia and the involvement of all of the
imperial powers of Europe
...
In addition, the increased militarism (i
...
the adoption of the conscription system by all European powers)
and the lack of compromise at the peace talks of 1899 and 1908 to discuss the limitations of arms were prewar
factors that could be viewed as equally if not more impactful than Germany’s concept of “mastery or defeat” during
the war
...
The German Schlieffen Plan occurred
after the war had already been instigated by other nations that had militaristic policies and practiced economic
imperialism
...
The premise of the 6 week plan was that Germany would mobilize and attack France
through Belgium and Luxembourg, and that Russia would require a long period of time to mobilize
...
However, the Treaty of
London of 1839 signed between Belgium and the great powers guaranteed the former's neutrality, which Germany
breached
...
Although Keynes claims that German authority had “deliberately provoked the
war” and instigated conflict on an international stage, I would argue that many prewar factors such as the
Europeanwide enactment of conscription, the imperial conflict, and Balkan nationalism were more immediate
causes of the war rather than the Germany’s long term policies of expansionism and militarism
...
Evidently,
the international justice system has crippled Germany economically, territorially, and militarily, and has not pacified
Germany through “magnanimity and wisdom”, but instead through “revenge or hatred”
...
e
...
The indemnities should be divided among the Allies in an equitable manner because all nations practiced economic
imperialism which holistically contributed to the instigation of war
...
Further, no concessions were given to
Germany and without a distribution of the indemnities, she would be in a difficult economic position to pay for
damages to “civilian life and property”, the loot of “food, raw materials, [and] livestock”, and the “repayment of
fines and requisitions levied on the towns of France and Belgium”
...
The reparations had not been paid off entirely
until 2010; the clause also included the unrealistic stipulation that if Germany were to reunite, it would
have to pay interest on the bill
...
Territorial
concessions
:
● Article 119 required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies
...
➔ Germany was forced to surrender rich coal mines in the Saar Basin to France (only after fifteen years was a
plebiscite held, in which the ceded lands were returned to Germany)
➔ Togoland and German Kamerun (Cameroon) were ceded to France
➔ German SouthWest Africa was ceded to South Africa
➔ German East Africa went to the United Kingdom
➔ The Kionga Triangle (a portion of German East Africa in northern Mozambique) was ceded to Portugal as
compensation for Germany’s invasion of Portuguese Africa
➔ German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator was ceded to Japan and those south of the equator
were ceded to Australia (excluding German Samoa, which New Zealand obtained control over)
Military
restrictions
:
● The terms prevented Germany from becoming as militarily competent in the short term, and did this by
imposing comprehensive restrictions on the postwar Germany armed forces (the
Reichswehr
)
...
) and limiting its army to 100,000 men
...
Conscription was prohibited in tandem with the ban on
Uboats
...
This, combined with the demilitarisation of the Rhineland made Germany
vulnerable to attacks by France
...
To prevent Germany from
accumulating trained men, private soldiers and noncommissioned officers were to be retained for at least
twelve years and officers for a minimum of twentyfive years
...
The civilian staff supporting the army was limited and the police
force was reduced to its prewar size; paramilitary forces were forbidden
...
●
The Rhineland was demilitarized, including the demolition of all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50
kilometers east of the river; new construction was prohibited
...
●
Germany was not allowed to engage in arms trade, and limits were imposed on the type and quantity of
weapons; manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons, armored cars, etc
...
Germany must accept
responsibility for the war:
● Article 231 (War Guilt clause) of the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to accept responsibility for the
losses and damages of the war, although many Germans believed their aggression was used to protect
themselves from Britain and France imperialism
...
Ultimately, Germany suffered a “Carthaginian Peace” due its economic collapse, its military restrictions, its
territorial concessions, and its complete responsibility for the cause and exacerbation of the war
...
Source of the idea of Versailles as a “Carthaginian Peace”
2
...
The
duration in which the indemnities lasted (from 19192010) reflects the “Carthaginian” nature of the
settlement terms and the century of economic instability and recurring recessions
...
is inaccurate in itself
...
However,
even with the significant reduction of indemnities, German still resorted to the hyperinflation their currency
in order to make the payment feasible
...
Valuable primary source document on Keynes
Limit
: How does this document not help the historian; what might be the weakness or flaws of this source for a
historian studying the First World War and the history of Europe in the 20th century
...
In addition, the article is evidently inferior to a modern historical
paper that has access to all of the published sources that have become available since the signing of the settlement
terms
...
A large portion of his document is based on a rational hypothesis, such as his understanding
of the “international politics and rivalries” that caused the war
...
This places a limit on the
document because much of the evidence is drawn from what the Allies purport to be true, and what Keynes believes
to be rational (he believes the indemnities were too harsh but there was no definite sum)
...
6
Origin:
Versailles Twenty Years After
(1941), in I
...
), Was it Foredoomed to Failure? (Boston: D
...
,
Health and Co
...
Paul Birdsall was a historian and diplomat who was educated at St
...
He obtained a doctorate at Harvard University in 1928 where he was influenced by Charles Howard
Mcllwain’s views
...
Birdsall taught European history at Williams College and became
Dean of Students in 1936
...
He served in the Office of Strategic
Services during the
Second World War
, and wrote and published the book during his service
...
Purpose:
● The explicit purpose of
Versailles Twenty Years After
was to
contrast
the good (Wilsonian) and bad
(Carthaginian) features of the terms of settlement
...
Content:
1
...
The
treaty is exaggerated, but bears enough practicality (apart from the “Reparation” chapter) to allow for a sensible
resolution of World War 1
...
Identify
the Evidence
that supports the argument
There was “division of the spoils of war … in defiance of [Wilson’s] principles of selfdetermination”
...
e
...
Although the Allied governments had to pay “lipservice” to Wilsonian principles, the new countries formed by the
victorious Great Powers carved out borders that encompassed regions not only of their own majority ethnic
population but also regions dominated by the ethnicity of the defeated countries
...
There were Carthaginian (i
...
“Reparation settlement”) and Wilsonian features (i
...
League of Nations)
...
America could only
moderate the terms of the agreement to a degree
...
American defection removed the
AngloAmerican majority which had the potential of stabilizing Europe
...
This further caused Europe to
descend into chaos as a result of the AngloFrench conflicts which would give rise to Hitler’s regime
...
●
The English had developed a guiltcomplex about the Treaty of Versailles which had an extant impact on
English foreign policy from Versailles to Munich; Birdsall speculates that the blame should fall on the
writings of John Maynard Keynes
...
Wilsonian:
● Distribution of colonial spoils of war – only after the principle had been established that colonial powers
must administer their new estates under specified conditions, and are subject to review and correction by an
international tribunal, the League of Nations
...
Birdsall claims that “any boundary [would] leave national minorities on one side or the other”, which
means that no ethnic division is perfect
...
The territorial settlement that was conceived after the various treaties negotiated at Paris
(Versailles, Trianon, St
...
) was, “with all its faults, the closest approximation to an
ethnographic map of Europe that has ever been achieved”
...
The French were imminently concerned of their military security
...
This also included an AngloAmerican treaty of military guarantee (i
...
America and England did not
share a land border with Germany like France did, wanted to rebuild the economy, and maintain trade
routes with Germany
...
Since military
guarantee did not violate any of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, it served primarily as an “interim measure” for
peace in order to allow the League of Nations to be established
...
In addition, a German disarmament would ideally be a precursor to a general
disarmament
...
3
...
Use specific information
...
However, I believe that the settlement terms of the Treaty of Versailles were ultimately more
acceptable than the terms imposed on other defeated nations in previous wars
...
The hyperinflation of the German Mark made
it even more difficult for Germany to pay for the indemnities
...
Further, she lost the Saar Basin and Upper Silesia, which were important
industrial areas
...
The removal of both of these German speaking regions disabled Germany from being able to sustain itself
from domestically manufactured goods; she had to rely on imported goods
...
Former German colonies became mandates controlled by the League of Nations
...
However, a similar geographical dilemma would recur if
another international conflict occurred because of the inevitable intermixing of ethnicities within a country and the
multitude of countries vying for control of the same country
...
The League of Nations forbade Germany from alliancing with Austria because
it violated national selfdetermination
...
The territorial concessions of Germany, her loss of 16% of its coalfields and nearly 50% of its iron and
steel industries disabled her from paying the wartime indemnities
...
The Treaty of Versailles was
lenient
compared to the Treaty of BrestLitovsk:
● According to British military historian Correlli Barnett, the Treaty of Versailles was “extremely lenient in
comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself, when she was expecting to win the war, had had in
mind to impose on the Allies”
...
Under the treaty,
Russia had to cede Riga, Lithuania, Livonia, Estonia, and portions of White Russia to Germany
...
Further, Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was
“hardly a slap on the wrist” when compared to the far more draconian terms of the Treaty of BrestLitovsk
which removed onethird of Russia’s population, onehalf of Russia’s industry, ninetenth of Russia’s coal
mines, in addition to an indemnity of six billion Marks
...
In the preliminary peace treaty signed on
February 26th
, 1871, Germany coerced France to ceded Alsace and northeastern Lorraine and pay an
indemnity of 5 billion Francs: 1
...
5 billion in 1872, and 3 billion prior to
March of 1874
...
Although the Treaty of Frankfurt strengthened many facets of the
9
German empire, it created tension between Germany and France which would eventually influence
France’s bitterness towards Germany in the Treaty of Versailles
...
In addition, a city called Danzig (known for its rich port) was lost when Posen was ceded
...
However,
Lloyd George disagreed, and had to make a compromise between the different nations that wanted to annex Posen
...
Value
: The primary goal of the document is to ascertain the Treaty’s original meaning based on its historical context
and to reconstruct the historical situation by weighing the
good and bad aspects of the Treaty
...
An example of a ilsonian feature
W
proposed by the Allied powers was the redrawing of the map of Europe
...
Selfdetermination was the idea “that every people has a right to choose the sovereignty under which they shall
live…”, and that international security cannot be ensured unless “[nations] accept the principle that governments
derive all their just powers from the consent of the governed”
...
Through Birdsall’s writing,
we understand that it is not possible to acknowledge this completely, and that the Allied powers must cede land that
is not theirs in order to punish the losing powers (i
...
AustriaHungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Germany)
...
The Treaty constructed a new nationstate from West Prussia (including the Polish corridor)
and land in Ukraine (which Germany had gained through the Treaty of BrestLitovsk)
...
● Since a perfect map of Europe was not possible based solely on selfdetermination, the Big Three decided
that defeated Germany would not be allowed selfdetermination
...
In addition, the Allies decided that Germans should not be given
territory or industry in order to limit its militaristic and economic growth; this was secured through the
ceding of the the industrial base of the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia
...
A modern historian is able to see that reducing territorial
claims and thus diplomatic and political power of Germany was not the right approach to establishing good
international relations; German colonies were made mandates
...
There is a good basis for this
because many observers hold that the indemnities were an indirect, but major cause in the rise of militarism,
10
fascism, and World War II
...
This disturbed the relations between the Weimar Republic and the general public and was a pretext for the
rise of the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler
...
An instance where the
reparations were set at a fixed value was during the Treaty of Frankfurt in which a set amount of 5 billion Francs
had to be paid over a concrete duration of 5 years
...
The imposition of
harsh indemnities to Germany ultimately led to the right wing fascist party and ultimately the rise of Nazi Germany
and World War II
...
e
...
Limit
: How does this document not help the historian; what might be the weakness or flaws of this source for a
historian studying World War 1 and the history of Europe in the 20th century
...
He served in the Office of Strategic Services during
World War II and was the assistant military attaché at the United States Embassy in both Paris and
Stockholm
...
S foreign affairs and exposure to U
...
● Birdsall did not have access to the accurate documentation of events and outcomes that modern historians
had of the First World War
...
e
...
Title: Treaty of Versailles Analysis
Description: Comparative analysis between the viewpoints of economist John Maynard Keynes and Paul Birdsall on the Treaty of Versailles document. Formal report for a Grade 10 Pre-IB history class. Received highest mark possible.
Description: Comparative analysis between the viewpoints of economist John Maynard Keynes and Paul Birdsall on the Treaty of Versailles document. Formal report for a Grade 10 Pre-IB history class. Received highest mark possible.